Rooting an Android device is essentially the process of allowing a user adminstrative access and control within the OS and system files. Often carriers and manufactures will place limitations on the device, restricting such access, so as to prevent a new ROM install or upgrade of an Android version. Rooting the device allows the user to overcome these limitations, allow admin rights to the user and give the ability to change system settings and install and run specialized apps.
It's compared to "jailbreaking" an iPhone. Most manufactures of android devices consider any process to root the phone as a modification, and therefore voids the warranty. Check your contract before attempting to root. Depending on the phone or tablet, it's a fairly short and simple process, however use caution as if you do it incorrectly or miss a step, you may end up "bricking" your device. (making the device useless as to a brick to throw out the window)
The biggest reason to root? To install a new ROM :-)

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